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{{Infobox software
| name = AQUA@home
| logo =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = AQUA@home.gif
| caption = AQUA@home screensaver graphic
| description = AQUA@home was a completed Physics BOINC project operated by D-Wave Systems that used volunteer computing to model the performance of superconducting adiabatic quantum computers, running until it ceased operating in August 2011.

| status = Completed
| category = Physics
| compute = CPU
| dependencies = None

| developer = D-Wave Systems
| author = D-Wave Systems
| sponsor = D-Wave Systems
| maintainer =
| released =
| completed = Yes
| discontinued = {{Start date and age|2011|08|01}}
| repository =

| programming language = C, C++
| operating system = Windows, Linux, macOS
| size =

| stats as of =
| average performance =
| active users =
| total users =
| active hosts =
| total hosts =

| rac =
| credit per day =
| gpu performance =
| cpu performance =

| website = {{URL|http://aqua.dwavesys.com/}}
| license =
}}

'''AQUA@home''' (an acronym for '''A'''diabatic '''QU'''antum '''A'''lgorithms) was a [[volunteer computing]] project operated by [[D-Wave Systems]], a quantum computing company based in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |title=AQUA@home |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> The project ran on the [[BOINC]] platform and used the spare processing time of volunteers' computers to predict the performance of [[superconductivity|superconducting]] [[adiabatic quantum computation|adiabatic quantum computers]] on problems drawn from fields ranging from materials science to machine learning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |title=AQUA@home |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> AQUA@home designed and analyzed quantum computing algorithms using [[Quantum Monte Carlo]] techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.overclock.net/threads/aqua-home.789241/ |title=Aqua@home |website=Overclock.net |date=2010-07-30 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

The project holds two notable firsts within the BOINC ecosystem: it was the first BOINC project to deploy a multi-threaded application, and the first to deploy an [[OpenCL]] application.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |title=AQUA@home |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> AQUA@home ceased operating in August 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |title=AQUA@home |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

== Background ==

D-Wave Systems built AQUA@home to support the development of its experimental superconducting [[adiabatic quantum computation|adiabatic quantum optimization]] processors. Before committing hardware resources to a given class of problem, D-Wave researchers wanted to estimate in advance how a quantum annealing processor of a given size and connectivity could be expected to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2008/12/dwave-quantum-computer-performance.html |title=Dwave Quantum Computer Performance Estimates and Calculations |website=NextBigFuture.com |date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> Simulating the relevant quantum-mechanical spin systems classically using [[Quantum Monte Carlo]] (QMC) methods is computationally demanding, which made the problem well suited to distributed volunteer computing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2008/12/dwave-quantum-computer-performance.html |title=Dwave Quantum Computer Performance Estimates and Calculations |website=NextBigFuture.com |date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

The earliest computations run on AQUA@home calculated expected runtimes for [[spin glass]] problems, a class of [[NP-hardness|NP-hard]] [[combinatorial optimization]] problem well suited to the project's processor architecture; this work formed the basis of the project's first publications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2008/12/dwave-quantum-computer-performance.html |title=Dwave Quantum Computer Performance Estimates and Calculations |website=NextBigFuture.com |date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> A later phase of the project used AQUA@home to estimate the runtime of the quantum adiabatic algorithm on binary classification problems for [[machine learning]], developed in part with researchers from [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2008/12/dwave-quantum-computer-performance.html |title=Dwave Quantum Computer Performance Estimates and Calculations |website=NextBigFuture.com |date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

== Software and technical milestones ==

AQUA@home's client application was written in [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]] and was notably '''truly multi-threaded''': rather than running one instance of the application per CPU core, a single instance could make use of however many cores were made available to it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.overclock.net/threads/aqua-home.789241/ |title=Aqua@home |website=Overclock.net |date=2010-07-30 |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> This was the first multi-threaded application deployed on the BOINC platform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karimi |first1=Kamran |last2=Dickson |first2=Neil |last3=Hamze |first3=Firas |title=High-Performance Physics Simulations Using Multi-Core CPUs and GPGPUs in a Volunteer Computing Context |journal=The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications |volume=25 |year=2011 |pages=61–69 |date=2010-03-31 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094342010372928}} DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342010372928 10.1177/1094342010372928]</ref>

{{#ev:youtube|VyQgGkj_Rss|700|center|AQUA@home screensaver in action}}

In May 2010, AQUA@home deployed the first [[OpenCL]] application to run under BOINC, allowing its computations to be accelerated across a mix of multicore CPUs and GPUs from different vendors using a single, portable codebase.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boinc.berkeley.edu/old_news.php |title=News archive |website=BOINC |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> Project researchers subsequently published a direct performance comparison between [[CUDA]] and OpenCL implementations of the same Quantum Monte Carlo computation kernel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karimi |first1=Kamran |last2=Dickson |first2=Neil |last3=Hamze |first3=Firas |title=A Performance Comparison of CUDA and OpenCL |date=2011-05-16 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2581}} DOI: [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1005.2581 10.48550/ARXIV.1005.2581]</ref>

== Outcome ==

By 2011, D-Wave Systems had largely completed the computations it needed from the volunteer community, and project coordinator Neil Dickson announced that AQUA@home would be shut down.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tzmboinc.com/completed-projects.html |title=Completed Projects |website=TZM BOINC Project |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> In the shutdown announcement, the project credited its volunteers' contributed computing power as a critical factor in supporting research that led to the D-Wave One, described at the time as the first commercially available quantum computing system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tzmboinc.com/completed-projects.html |title=Completed Projects |website=TZM BOINC Project |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> The project formally ceased functioning in August 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |title=AQUA@home |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

== Scientific publications ==

Volunteer computing on AQUA@home directly or indirectly supported a number of peer-reviewed and preprint publications, listed below. A complete, maintained list of papers arising from BOINC-based volunteer computing across all projects, including AQUA@home, can be found on the official BOINC [https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php Publications by BOINC Projects] page.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php |title=Publications by BOINC Projects |website=BOINC |access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref>

* Karimi, Kamran, Neil Dickson and Firas Hamze. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094342010372928 High-performance Physics Simulations Using Multi-core CPUs and GPGPUs in a Volunteer Computing Context]. The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications (2011). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342010372928 10.1177/1094342010372928].
* Hamze, Firas, Neil Dickson and Kamran Karimi. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.2840 Robust Parameter Selection for Parallel Tempering]. (2010). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1004.2840 10.48550/ARXIV.1004.2840].
* Dickson, Neil G., Kamran Karimi and Firas Hamze. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.0024 Importance of Explicit Vectorization for CPU and GPU Software Performance]. (2010). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1004.0024 10.48550/ARXIV.1004.0024].
* Karimi, Kamran, Neil G. Dickson, Firas Hamze ''et al''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4147 Investigating the Performance of an Adiabatic Quantum Optimization Processor]. (2010). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1006.4147 10.48550/ARXIV.1006.4147].
* Karimi, Kamran, Neil Dickson and Firas Hamze. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2581 A Performance Comparison of CUDA and OpenCL]. (2011).

== See also ==

* [[BOINC]]
* [[Volunteer computing]]
* [[Quantum Monte Carlo]]
* [[Adiabatic quantum computation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{URL|http://aqua.dwavesys.com/}} (site no longer active; archived snapshots may be available via the Wayback Machine)
* [https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php BOINC: Publications by BOINC Projects]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home AQUA@home on Wikipedia]

[[Category:Completed BOINC projects]]
[[Category:Physics BOINC projects]]
[[Category:D-Wave Systems]]

AQUA@home - Revision history

Al Piskun: first light