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	'''Correlizer''' was a scientific [[wikipedia:Volunteer computing\|volunteer computing]] project that ran on the [[wikipedia:BOINC\|BOINC]] platform and applied long-range correlation analysis to completely sequenced genomes in order to study the sequential and three-dimensional organization of [[wikipedia:Genome\|genome]]s. It was operated from the Biophysical Genomics group at the [https://www.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/ BioQuant] Centre of the [[wikipedia:Heidelberg University\|University of Heidelberg]] in Germany, and the underlying science was developed by Tobias A. Knoch, a researcher also affiliated with the [[wikipedia:German Cancer Research Center\|German Cancer Research Center]] (DKFZ) and the [[wikipedia:Erasmus MC\|Erasmus MC]] in Rotterdam. The project began distributing work in August 2011 and is generally regarded as a completed BOINC project, having stopped issuing work units around 2015 after its workload was folded into [http://boinc.almeregrid.nl/ AlmereGrid].<ref name="home">{{cite web \|title=Correlizer: Revealing the Mysteries of Genome Organization \|url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ \|work=Biophysical Genomics \|publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg \|access-date=30 August 2026 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113734/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ \|archive-date=25 May 2013 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rechenkraft">{{cite web \|title=Correlizer (beendet) \|url=https://www.crogramdataboincprojectswww.rechenkraft.net/wiki/Correlizer_(beendet) \|work=Rechenkraft \|language=German \|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>		'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113734/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ Correlizer]''' was a scientific [[wikipedia:Volunteer computing\|volunteer computing]] project that ran on the [[wikipedia:BOINC\|BOINC]] platform and applied long-range correlation analysis to completely sequenced genomes in order to study the sequential and three-dimensional organization of [[wikipedia:Genome\|genome]]s. It was operated from the Biophysical Genomics group at the [https://www.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/ BioQuant] Centre of the [[wikipedia:Heidelberg University\|University of Heidelberg]] in Germany, and the underlying science was developed by Tobias A. Knoch, a researcher also affiliated with the [[wikipedia:German Cancer Research Center\|German Cancer Research Center]] (DKFZ) and the [[wikipedia:Erasmus MC\|Erasmus MC]] in Rotterdam. The project began distributing work in August 2011 and is generally regarded as a completed BOINC project, having stopped issuing work units around 2015 after its workload was folded into [http://boinc.almeregrid.nl/ AlmereGrid].<ref name="home">{{cite web \|title=Correlizer: Revealing the Mysteries of Genome Organization \|url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ \|work=Biophysical Genomics \|publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg \|access-date=30 August 2026 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113734/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ \|archive-date=25 May 2013 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rechenkraft">{{cite web \|title=Correlizer (beendet) \|url=https://www.crogramdataboincprojectswww.rechenkraft.net/wiki/Correlizer_(beendet) \|work=Rechenkraft \|language=German \|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>

	== Background: genome organization ==		== Background: genome organization ==

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{{Infobox software
| name = Correlizer
| logo = logo-Correlizer.png
| logo caption = Correlizer logo (the "Revealing the Mysteries of Genome Organization" project mark)
| screenshot =
| caption =
| description = Correlizer was a BOINC volunteer computing project run from the BioQuant Centre at the University of Heidelberg that studied the sequential and three-dimensional organization of genomes using long-range correlation analysis of completely sequenced chromosomes. It launched in 2011 and was completed around 2015, after its workload was integrated into AlmereGrid.
| status = Completed
| category = Biology
| compute = CPU
| dependencies = None
| developer = Tobias A. Knoch
| author = Tobias A. Knoch
| sponsor = BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg (with the German Cancer Research Center and Erasmus MC)
| maintainer = Tobias A. Knoch
| released = {{Start date and age|2011|08|03}}
| completed = c. 2015
| discontinued =
| repository =
| programming language =
| operating system = Windows, Linux, macOS (also ARM/Linux embedded)
| size =
| stats as of = {{Start date|2013|03|27}}
| average performance = 1,160 GFLOPS
| active users = 615
| total users = 1,747
| active hosts = 2,096
| total hosts = 8,349
| rac =
| credit per day =
| gpu performance = None (CPU only)
| cpu performance = 1,160 GFLOPS
| website = {{URL|http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/}}
| license =
}}

'''Correlizer''' was a scientific [[wikipedia:Volunteer computing|volunteer computing]] project that ran on the [[wikipedia:BOINC|BOINC]] platform and applied long-range correlation analysis to completely sequenced genomes in order to study the sequential and three-dimensional organization of [[wikipedia:Genome|genome]]s. It was operated from the Biophysical Genomics group at the [https://www.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/ BioQuant] Centre of the [[wikipedia:Heidelberg University|University of Heidelberg]] in Germany, and the underlying science was developed by Tobias A. Knoch, a researcher also affiliated with the [[wikipedia:German Cancer Research Center|German Cancer Research Center]] (DKFZ) and the [[wikipedia:Erasmus MC|Erasmus MC]] in Rotterdam. The project began distributing work in August 2011 and is generally regarded as a completed BOINC project, having stopped issuing work units around 2015 after its workload was folded into [http://boinc.almeregrid.nl/ AlmereGrid].<ref name="home">{{cite web |title=Correlizer: Revealing the Mysteries of Genome Organization |url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ |work=Biophysical Genomics |publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg |access-date=30 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113734/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/ |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rechenkraft">{{cite web |title=Correlizer (beendet) |url=https://www.crogramdataboincprojectswww.rechenkraft.net/wiki/Correlizer_(beendet) |work=Rechenkraft |language=German |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>

== Background: genome organization ==

The central motivation for Correlizer was a long-standing question in biology: how the informational content of a genome is related to the physical shape in which it is stored. In a human cell the genetic information is carried by a diploid set of DNA molecules, the chromosomes. The total sequence is about <math>3 \times 10^{9}</math> [[wikipedia:Base pair|base pair]]s (bp), which corresponds to roughly <math>2.80\ \text{GB}</math> of data. Laid end to end the molecule would be about <math>2\ \text{m}</math> long, yet it is folded into a cell nucleus with a typical diameter of about <math>10\ \mu\text{m}</math> and a volume of roughly <math>500\ \mu\text{m}^{3}</math>.<ref name="background">{{cite web |title=Background: Approaching the three-Dimensional Organization of the Human Genome |url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/background.php |work=Biophysical Genomics |publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg |access-date=30 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430032449/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/background.php |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="knoch2009">{{cite journal |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |last2=Göker |first2=Markus |last3=Lohner |first3=Rudolf |last4=Abuseiris |first4=Anis |last5=Grosveld |first5=Frank G. |title=Fine-structured multi-scaling long-range correlations in completely sequenced genomes: features, origin, and classification |journal=European Biophysics Journal |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=757-779 |year=2009 |doi=10.1007/s00249-009-0489-y |pmc=2701493 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-009-0489-y}}</ref>

The sequential organization of a genome, meaning the statistical relations between base pairs that are far apart along the sequence, and the way that sequence relates to the three-dimensional architecture of the chromosomes, remained largely unresolved. Correlizer treated correlation analysis as a kind of "virtual microscope" for this hidden structure. The analysis is based on the concentration profile of single nucleotides along the DNA sequence. If <math>c_{l}</math> is the concentration of a nucleotide in a window of length <math>l</math>, and the concentration in the whole sequence of length <math>L</math> is known, then the concentration-fluctuation function <math>C(l)</math> and the local correlation coefficient <math>\delta(l)</math> can be computed. For a purely random sequence <math>\delta \approx -0.5</math>, whereas values clearly above this threshold indicate positive long-range correlations; a power-law dependence such as <math>C(l) \sim l^{\delta}</math> is the signature of correlations that extend over many length scales.<ref name="knoch2009" />

== What was computed ==

Correlizer distributed this correlation analysis over the volunteer computers of its participants. The application, delivered by the project as "Correlizer Applications" (version 1.09) and an embedded build for ARM/Linux (version 1.10), used the [[wikipedia:BOINC|BOINC]] scheduler to farm out individual analysis jobs.<ref name="apps">{{cite web |title=Applications |url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/apps.php |work=Biophysical Genomics |publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg |access-date=30 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430032444/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/apps.php |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:DNA Double Helix by NHGRI.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=A computer rendering of the DNA double helix|The genomic sequence analysed by Correlizer is carried by the [[wikipedia:DNA|DNA]] double helix.]]

The project found long-range power-law correlations on almost the entire observable scale of 132 completely sequenced chromosomes, ranging in length from <math>0.5 \times 10^{6}</math> to <math>3.0 \times 10^{7}</math> bp and spanning organisms as different as [[wikipedia:Archaea|Archaea]], [[wikipedia:Bacteria|Bacteria]], ''[[wikipedia:Arabidopsis thaliana|Arabidopsis thaliana]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Saccharomyces cerevisiae|Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Schizosaccharomyces pombe|Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophila melanogaster]]'', and ''[[wikipedia:Human|Homo sapiens]]''. The local correlation coefficients displayed a species-specific multiscaling behavior: correlations were close to random on the scale of a few base pairs, rose to a first maximum between <math>40</math> and <math>3{,}400</math> bp (split into two submaxima for ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and ''Drosophila melanogaster''), and often showed one or more second maxima in the region from <math>10^{5}</math> to <math>3 \times 10^{5}</math> bp.<ref name="knoch2009" /><ref name="home" />

Within this multiscaling a further fine structure was present, attributable to codon usage in every species except the human sequences, where it instead reflected nucleosomal binding. The study also showed that computer-generated random sequences, designed to assume a block organization of genomes with a particular codon usage and nucleosomal binding, reproduced the observed behavior, while random reshuffling of real sequences destroyed the correlations. This suggested that the stability of the correlations is tightly controlled by evolution and closely connected to the spatial organization of the genome, particularly at large scales.<ref name="knoch2009" />

== Project history ==

Correlizer was announced to the BOINC community in August 2011 and hosted at <code>svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer</code>, with the server running on the BioQuant infrastructure at the [[wikipedia:Heidelberg University|University of Heidelberg]].<ref name="rechenkraft" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Correlizer Project (BOINC message boards) |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://boinc.berkeley.edu/dev/forum_thread.php?id=6806 |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> The client application was CPU-based, with builds for [[wikipedia:Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[wikipedia:Linux|Linux]], [[wikipedia:MacOS|macOS]], and an embedded build for ARM-based Linux systems. The software could operate through a proxy and could be configured to run as a screensaver, but no GPU (CUDA or OpenCL) version was provided.<ref name="rechenkraft" /><ref name="apps" />

[[File:Human karyotype diagram showing autosomes and sex chromosomes - NHGRI.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|alt=A diagram of the human karyotype|A human karyotype. The 23 pairs of chromosomes carry roughly <math>3 \times 10^{9}</math> base pairs of DNA.]]

By late 2014 the project had gone offline while the system and applications were updated, and the project's message boards noted that much of the older account and forum data had been lost. Volunteers reported over the following months that the project was no longer issuing work units, and by mid-2015 the project was widely considered inactive.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome back, Correlizer |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://boinc.berkeley.edu/dev/forum_thread.php?id=9855 |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Projects to retire from your site stats that are no longer active |publisher=BOINC Combined Statistics |url=https://boinc.netsoft-online.com/forum/general-discussion/1138/ |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> German-language project records list its end date as the point at which it stopped emitting work units because its workload had in the meantime been integrated into [http://boinc.almeregrid.nl/ AlmereGrid], a Dutch volunteer computing project.<ref name="rechenkraft" /> The project is consequently listed among the completed and retired BOINC projects.

=== Statistics at its last active snapshot ===

A server-status snapshot from 27 March 2013 recorded a healthy, running infrastructure. At that point the project reported about 416,000 tasks ready to send, roughly 103,500 tasks in progress, and an average work-unit runtime of about 0.26 hours. The volunteer base was small but steady, and the aggregate processing power reported was about 1,160 [[wikipedia:FLOPS|GFLOPS]], i.e. roughly <math>1.16 \times 10^{12}</math> floating-point operations per second.<ref name="status">{{cite web |title=Project status |url=http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/server_status.php |work=Biophysical Genomics |publisher=BioQuant Centre, University of Heidelberg |access-date=30 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327050036/http://svahesrv2.bioquant.uni-heidelberg.de/correlizer/server_status.php |archive-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Scientific publications ==

The following publications are credited to the project on the [[wikipedia:BOINC|BOINC]] publications list.<ref name="boincpubs">{{cite web |title=Publications by BOINC Projects |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>

* {{cite journal |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |last2=Göker |first2=Markus |last3=Lohner |first3=Rudolf |last4=Abuseiris |first4=Anis |last5=Grosveld |first5=Frank G. |title=Fine-structured multi-scaling long-range correlations in completely sequenced genomes: features, origin, and classification |journal=European Biophysics Journal |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=757-779 |year=2009 |doi=10.1007/s00249-009-0489-y |pmc=2701493 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701493/}} This is the founding paper and the one the project's own publications page highlighted.<ref name="knoch2009" />
* {{cite book |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias |last2=Baumgärtner |first2=Volkmar |last3=de Zeeuw |first3=Luc |last4=Grosveld |first4=Frank |last5=Egger |first5=Kurt |title=Large-scale resource sharing at public funded organizations: e-Human "Grid" Ecology |year=2009 |hdl=1765/77698 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1765/77698}} A systems and grid-architecture paper by the same investigators.
* {{cite journal |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |title=A Guided Protocol for Array Based T2C: A High-Quality Selective High-Resolution High-Throughput Chromosome Interaction Capture |journal=Current Protocols in Human Genetics |volume=99 |issue=1 |year=2018 |doi=10.1002/cphg.55 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphg.55}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |title=Simulation of different three-dimensional polymer models of interphase chromosomes compared to experiments: An evaluation and review framework of the 3D genome organization |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=90 |pages=19-42 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.012 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1084952118301058}}

A fifth entry appears under the Correlizer heading on the BOINC list, "ISDEP, a fusion application deployed in the EDGeS project" by Alejandro Rivero and Dario Ferrer (2010). That entry concerns the [https://home.edges-grid.eu/home/ EDGeS@Home] project and appears to be a listing error on the aggregation page rather than a Correlizer result.<ref name="boincpubs" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivero |first1=Alejandro |last2=Ferrer |first2=Dario |title=ISDEP, a fusion application deployed in the EDGeS project |url=https://www.academia.edu/758702/ |year=2010 |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>

== Related publications by the project investigators ==

The computational framework used by Correlizer grew out of the same research program, and the project's methods were subsequently extended in further work by its principal investigator and collaborators:

* {{cite journal |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |last2=Wachsmuth |first2=Malte |last3=Kepper |first3=Nick |last4=Lesnussa |first4=Michael |last5=Abuseiris |first5=Anis |last6=Ali Imam |first6=A. M. |last7=Kolovos |first7=Petros |last8=Zuin |first8=Jessica |last9=Kockx |first9=Christel E. M. |last10=Brouwer |first10=Rutger W. W. |last11=van de Werken |first11=Harmen J. G. |last12=van IJcken |first12=Wilfred F. J. |last13=Wendt |first13=Kerstin S. |last14=Grosveld |first14=Frank G. |title=The detailed 3D multi-loop aggregate/rosette chromatin architecture and functional dynamic organization of the human and mouse genomes |journal=Epigenetics & Chromatin |volume=9 |issue=58 |year=2016 |doi=10.1186/s13072-016-0089-x |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/22432/}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Knoch |first1=Tobias A. |title=Approaching the three-dimensional organization of the human genome: structural, scaling and dynamic properties in the simulation of interphase chromosomes and cell nuclei, long-range correlations in complete genomes |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg |year=2002}} The doctoral work that underpinned the correlation method used by the project.<ref name="knoch2009" />

== See also ==

* [[wikipedia:Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing|Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC)
* [[wikipedia:Volunteer computing|Volunteer computing]]
* [[wikipedia:Genome|Genome]]
* [[wikipedia:Human genome|Human genome]]
* [[wikipedia:Chromosome|Chromosome]]
* [[wikipedia:Chromatin|Chromatin]]
* [[wikipedia:Nucleosome|Nucleosome]]
* [[wikipedia:DNA sequencing|DNA sequencing]]
* [[wikipedia:Distributed computing|Distributed computing]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:BOINC projects]]
[[Category:Completed BOINC projects]]
[[Category:Volunteer computing projects]]

Correlizer - Revision history

Al Piskun at 14:04, 30 August 2026

Al Piskun: first light